What Teachers Should Wear in The Classroom

What Teachers Should Wear in The Classroom Most of us would prefer to wear sweatshirts and flip-flops to work, but when youre an elementary  or grade  school teacher, such luxuries are completely out of the question. Students, their parents, administrators, and the greater community all need to put their trust into educators to be mature, professional, capable, and competent. Like it or not, our outer appearance is their first indicator of these inner characteristics. Here are some of the factors that should go into choosing your teaching attire: ComfortProfessionalismIndividual personality While keeping the attributes mentioned above in mind, if you also use the following guidelines when assembling your teaching wardrobe, youre sure to be dressed for success. Loose-Fitting and Well-Tailored is Best If youre on the curvaceous side, avoiding clingy tops and backside-hugging bottoms is always a wise choice. Leave the muscle tees and spandex shirts at home as well no need to show off how much time youve put in at the gym. Stay Stylish, But Not Too Much So You want to appear somewhat hip to your students, but you dont need to blindly follow every passing fad to a fault. A teeny-bopper persona is not a professional one to cultivate when dealing with parents who prefer wise and responsible as teacher attributes for their young and impressionable children. Look for the classics in your closet or head to the mall for the old standards button-down blouses, cardigans, and tailored pants. Men dress pants or khakis and tucked-in button-downs are always a safe bet. Its a personal preference, perhaps, but depending on your school environment, sleeveless is sometimes considered too casual for the classroom. Consider sleeves or at the very least, no spaghetti or thin straps for a more put-together and adult look. As for makeup, a peacocks palette on your lovely face is not exactly classroom-appropriate. Save the more daring hues for home or the weekend. If You're Young, Be Extra Careful No ageism here just realism. If you are just starting out or look particularly young, its likely that you will be pre-judged as lacking teaching experience, so take steps to make your appearance more mature. This goes for men as well as women. In the age of Botox and obsession with youth, this might sound counter-intuitive, but teaching is one profession where a youthful look does not always inspire initial confidence; that is until your teaching chops show them whats really underneath your youthful exterior. For Shoes, Comfort is King Avoid trendy, too-high stiletto heels and opt for sensible flats or a shorter heel that can last all day. For both men and women, its a general bet that tennis shoes or sneakers are a no (but maybe for field trips or walk-a-thon day, you could get away with it). Leave the Bling at Home K-6 teaching is a tough and extremely hands-on job. Dont chance an accident or the loss of meaningful or expensive  jewelry. Simple, classic, and minimal are the keywords here.   These general tips should set you off on the right track as a teacher   putting your best foot forward and earning respect right off the bat.

Analysis of the methaphor Life is like a box of chocolates

Analysis of the methaphor Life is like a box of chocolates 'Life is like a box of chocolates...'At first glance the quote 'life is like a box of chocolates seems' rather silly. How could such a large and complicated concept such as life be compared to something as small and simple as a box of chocolates? There have been two opposing viewpoints in regards to the meaning of this quote, and each viewpoint comes about by a different analysis of what life and chocolates represent as well as what they mean in today's world. The conclusion to the question can only come about through a thorough examination of the quote itself along with its possible entailments to see what both groups of people deem important and what they choose to ignore. Both arguments seem to work well to counter the other and show the flaws in the other explanation's theory.According to the World Book Encyclopedia, life is 'a state, existence, or principle of existence conceived as belonging to the soul.'Jacques Torres chocolates...mmmmMost people, when questioned about life wo uld not have a very clear or concise answer because life is not something that is wholly tangible. In general life is considered to be everything that happens to a person from the moment they are born to the moment they die. All of their interactions with the world and all of their thoughts and actions. There does not seem to be any plan or order to these events, just everything that happens. Everything. Life is a long process with good, bad and indifferent points.According to the World Book Encyclopedia, a box is 'a container, usually with four stiff sides, a bottom, and a lid to pack or put things in,' and chocolate is 'a substance made by roasting and grinding cacao seeds.' A box of chocolates would logically be...

SUCCESSFUL INDIVIDUALS WITH HIGH LEVELS OF JOB SATISFACTION Essay

SUCCESSFUL INDIVIDUALS WITH HIGH LEVELS OF JOB SATISFACTION - Essay Example A relatively trend in these studies and literature works however is that not much has been studied into finding factors that bring about job satisfaction, but the gutters have been jumped into discussing the impact of job satisfaction on growth and development. In this essay therefore, the existing gap is closed by critically outlining key factors that must be put in place within various types of organisations to ensure that there is job satisfaction (Yi and Gong, 2008). This is done from the perspective of four individuals, whose stories are used as a case study. Job Design and Job Satisfaction Job satisfaction is a very qualitative and subjective labour principle, as different people seek different opportunities and factors within their work structure to make them satisfied (Yoo, 2002). But as varying and different as job satisfaction may be to different people, one fact remains that job satisfaction comes from within the job that one does and this is where characteristics of the j ob comes to play. Depending on the characteristics of a given job, employees may be more comfortable working in the premise of that job. Yoo (2002) identified two of these characteristics as autonomy and variety, all of which are exhibited in the stories of the successful people presented. Yoo (2002) was however quick to add that there is always the need to ensure that the job characteristics that prevails is defined by the job design in place for workers. These job designs include are nature of job, employee engagement, and business success. Wofford and Liska (2003) has explained that one crucial characteristic of job is variety. By this, meaning is given to the need for the workplace to present the employee with non-static but differential task scope that ensures that employees always have something new to explore at the workplace. This means that the variety of job that a person does go a long way to determine and influence the level of job satisfaction that will be recorded. Cle arly, each of these people works in top enviable organizations that have many different departments and units that offer variety and challenge to exploring new opportunities for every up and coming young executive. As stated by Clark, there are numerous people looking for the kind of job that he does. The same can be said for Kurtz and Bishop, whose jobs take them to various places of the world and makes them enjoy the luxury of travelling from one airplane to the other. Clearly, when the characteristic of the job of a person puts him or her in such a position where there is internal satisfaction as to the variety of work that is done, such person is likely to gain job satisfaction. What is more, there are very high levels of autonomy for each of these workers. The question of ‘when and how tasks are done’ have been said to be very instrumental in job design (Ramsey and Sohi, 1997). Generally, autonomy comes to play when employees are given sufficient room to operate an d manipulate the movement and direction of their jobs (Netemeyer et al, 2007). Once this is done job satisfaction can be said to be guaranteed because it makes employees feel useful of themselves and evidentially become intrinsically motivated. Meanwhile, for all four individual read about, even though they are not the owners of the business they work for, they have very high levels of autonomy and are instrumental in the way and manner the businesses should move. A typical example of this is Clark who has the pleasure of promoting MTV all across the globe. Finally, as recommended by Yoo (2002), there is evidence from the story that the characteristics of job in place have been directly linked with job design. It would be noted that job

Industry Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Industry Practice - Essay Example This form of leadership has been successful in some organizations though it has also failed in others. It allows quick decision making and therefore less time is wasted on decisions. It requires a leader who is knowledgeable and experienced otherwise wrong decisions might be made (Goethals, Sorenson & Burns, 2004). Autocratic leadership style is more applicable where control is required. These are situations where the margin of error is either very small or is not there at all. In such a situation, decentralized decision making is likely to cause organizational failure. It therefore becomes necessary for experienced leaders to make decisions so as to avoid or minimize the chances of any error (Daft & Lane, 2008). This form of leadership is very applicable and is actually used in rigid organizations. These are organizations whose rules are rigid and do not easily adjust their policies as situations changes. In addition, autocratic leadership can also be used where the conditions are thought to be dangerous or are likely to cause harm to people. Among the organizations where the leadership is used include; military manufacturing organizations or in a construction (Daft & Lane, 2008). The theory is useful at the workplace in situations where quick decisions have to be made. In such situations, there is no much time to consult. Decentralized decision making is time consuming and therefore cannot be applicable in urgent situations. Therefore, the leaders take the initiative to make such decision to save time. This is important because if time is wasted in urgent situations, the overall goal achievement of the organization maybe affected (Gitman & McDaniel, 2009). The leadership style is also useful where strict deadlines are required. There are some activities which have to be completed within a specified time. According to Douglas McGregor in one of his theories, (Theory X) people generally dislike work. Therefore, they

Detective stories Essay Example for Free

Detective stories Essay The Sherlock Holmes stories are the work of Arthur Conan Doyle. Holmes first appeared in the story The Study of Scarlet, which was published in the magazine Beetons Christmas Annual of 1887. Over the 40 years that followed Holmes appeared in 5 collections of short stories, and 3 other novels. Holmes popularity was partly due to the fact that his books were the detective fiction books ever to be published. These books are still read today all over the world, because of the brilliant way in which they are written. The Sherlock Holmes books are written from the point of view of his sidekick Watson. Many modern day detective fiction books and television programmes follow the pattern of a detective and sidekick. The stories of Sherlock Holmes caused him to become a national hero. In all the Sherlock Holmes stories we are given a detailed description of what he looks like, that is a tall gaunt person with long thin legs, a thin hawk like nose a square chin, and of course a pipe and deerstalker hat. The first story I read of Sherlock Holmes was The Red Headed League. In this story the reader is immedietely introduced to problematic situation, where a pawnbroker has come for advice. The pawnbroker goes on to tell Holmes and Watson his situation. Whilst the man is in the company of Holmes, Holmes begins to deduce things from just looking at the ware and tare of the mans body and clothes. From a very early point in the story we begin to see characteristics in Holmes, such as habits when he id thinking, relapsing into his armchair, and putting his finger-tips together, as was his custom when in judicial moods. I was are given the impression that Holmes is the type of person who tries to treat people with respect, but his tolerance level for people who are not as intellectual as him is very low. Holmes becomes agitated at peoples incompetence to understand his complex ideas. I think Holmes pretends to expect every one to be as clever as him to make him look more intelligent and therefore superior. So in that respect I see Holmes as quite an ignorant person. However he does not treat Watson this way, I think he treats Watson more like a younger brother. I think that Holmes would like Watson to be like Holmes. From he Red Headed League we can see that Holmes has a short temper, for example when he is in the cellar of the bank and Mr. Merryweather struck rather loudly his stick upon the flags which lined the floor, I must really ask you to be a little more quiet You have already imperilled the whole of our expedition.

Charles Darwin Essay -- Biography Biographies

Charles Darwin was a man who shaped the way in which we think about evolution in modern times. He brought forth and described the theory of natural selection and survival of the fittest. To fully understand modern evolutionary thoughts it is necessary for one to completely understand the early theories of Charles Darwin. In this paper I will provide the reader with a complete background on Charles Darwin, describe his voyage on the HMS Beagle, and discuss his theory of natural selection. Charles Robert Darwin, the founder of evolution, was born on February 12, 1809 in rural England. Charles was the son of Robert Darwin and Susannah Wedgewood. His mother died when he was seven and his father died when Charles was thirty-nine. Until the age of eight, Charles was educated at home by his sister Caroline. Charles soon thereafter developed a fascination for biology and natural history. The young student began to hoard, collecting anything that captured his interest, from shells and rocks, to insects and birds. Darwin’s beetle collecting while at Cambridge seems to have been a little more than collecting. His collecting began to control all of his time, and eventually his thoughts. But they proved very useful once on board the Beagle. (Freeman 91) His hobbies laid the framework for a wonderful life of discovery. In 1825, Robert sent Charles to Edinburgh Medical School to follow in the footsteps of Eras (Charles’ brother) and himself. It was at Edinburgh that Charles discovered that medicine was not in his future. Charles was extremely squeamish and hated working on cadavers. This sent Charles back to his old ways of collecting and dissecting animals and bugs. Meanwhile, while attending Edinburgh, Darwin was also receiving instruction on taxidermy. This also proved useful on board the Beagle. Also, while attending Edinburgh Darwin became familiar with the evolutionary theories of Lamarck. Darwin gave up his education at Edinburgh after his second year studying medicine, without a degree. Next, Dr. Darwin sent his son to the University of Cambridge to study religion. It was at Cambridge that Darwin developed his new obsessive fascination, entomology (especially with beetles). He struggled through his first three years, but in his fourth he pulled himself together. Charles gra duated in 1831 from Cambridge and began to look for a job with... ...n a subject which the public had relatively no knowledge of. He described the way in which an individual of a species reproduced and genetically passed on variations. The species that adapted through variation was the one who survived. This is where the phrase â€Å"survival of the fittest† came from. As pointed out, Charles Darwin was a man ahead of his time, and his work laid the structural basis for how we now look at evolution. On the last page of Origin of the Species, Darwin summarizes his findings, â€Å"as Natural Selection works solely by and for the good of each being, all corporeal and mental endowments will tend to progress towards perfection†. Works Cited: Barnett, Samuel A. A Century of Darwin. New York: Books for Libraries Press, 1969. Campbell, Bernard. Human Evolution. Chicago/New York: Aldine and Atherton, 1970. Darwin, Charles. On the Origin of the Species by Natural Selection. 1859. Gribben, John and Michael White. Darwin: A Life in Science. New York: Dutton, 1995. Jurmain, Robert; et al. Essentials of Physical Anthropology. International: West/Wadsworth, 1997. Sears, Paul B. Charles Darwin. New York: Scribner’s Sons LTD, 1950.

Analysis Report of Cango

Analysis Report of CanGo Veronica Perla BSN460ON Senior Project Dr. John Martin September 7, 2009 Overview CanGo is an Internet startup company that retails an exciting array of products and services, ranging from books and videos to online gaming, and prides itself on providing the best customer service in terms of product delivery and support. The company’s Web site is fun and easy to use; employing the latest technology in Web site development, product innovation, and services is how CanGo strives to provide their customers with the most exciting entertainment. The majority of CanGo’s customers are the Gen-Xers and the Gen-Yers, who enjoy the latest in online gaming and entertainment. Under age, consumers (under 18 years of age) are serviced responsibly by requiring adult permission for online purchases. CanGo strongly values its employees and customers. The company best serves its employees by involving them in decision-making, staff training, and development. CanGo believes that keeping their employees motivated and working at their full potential can translate into the best customer service possible. There is a growing trend that CanGo has identified within the gaming industry that will be utilized to bring the company added success. This growing trend is online gaming. CanGo wants to become a leader of the online gamming market. The hope of the company is to become a complete success story both as an online retailer and online gaming service. The company has recently been called a success story by the Hudson Valley Business Association. The CEO of CanGo, Elizabeth Bennet, has been named the Regions Business Leader of the year. Potential entrepreneurs want to know how and why CanGo became a success story. This leads to the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats that this Internet Company has and faces in its entrepreneurial endeavors. S. W. O. T Analysis The information used to develop this analysis was taken from the visual analysis performed on recorded episodes depicting staff interaction and company dynamics. The observations will be separated into internal (Strengths and Weaknesses) and external (Opportunities and Threats) issues. Strengths CanGo has demonstrated a few strengths in these preliminary episodes. Elizabeth Bennet, CEO of CanGo, is the company’s greatest strength. Her vision of knowing what consumers want and how to get it to them at a lower cost is what has made CanGo a success story in Hudson Valley. This passion is carried through to the staff and is demonstrated by Andrew’s eagerness to take on the potentially lucrative market of online gaming. The CanGo staff is another one of the company’s strengths. Each staff member brings an additional resource to the company that can be utilized to improve productivity and development. For instance, Debbie has organizational skills and a teaching background that can be utilized for training purposes. Training and development are strengths that successful companies posses. Utilizing the skills that each staff member brings can help CanGo become a bigger success story across the country and not just in Hudson Valley. These strengths also lead to CanGo’s weaknesses as a company. Weaknesses These preliminary episodes also showed many of CanGo’s weaknesses. The most apparent weakness would be the lack of a vision statement, mission statement and strategic plan. These weaknesses were made apparent by Elizabeth Bennet’s frustration with the writing of the speech she was to give at the Chamber of Commerce meeting. She states that her success was pure luck and that all she did was begin a new business venture. A strategic plan is important to a successful company because it guides and focuses all staff members to specific goals and establishes a course of action to achieve them. Strategic planning also serves as a way to ensure that all departments within the organization share a common goal. Another important component to a successful business is the vision and mission statements. Vision statements are written for the organization and its employees. They are comprised of the dreams and inspirations of the organization and where it is headed. This statement also serves as the framework for the organization’s strategic plan. Mission statements are a representation of the organization’s purpose for existing. It should be derived from the vision statement and used as a guide when producing a strategic plan. These three articles would have helped Elizabeth write the Chamber of Commerce speech by providing her with the foundation necessary to provide the potential entrepreneurs attending this meeting the how and why of CanGo’s success. There are a few other internal issues that plague CanGo and may impede its success if not addressed. The lack of project implementation procedures, organizational skills, management involvement and skepticism can lead to poor performance, failed projects, and miscommunication. Implementing a project plan can help keep staff members on course and pinpoint areas that may need special attention. This plan also helps make sure that projects follow specific paths to guarantee timely results. Utilizing the resources that staff members bring to the company will ensure that everyone has the skills necessary to accomplish their objectives. For instance, Debbie Haynes was previously a teacher at the Drake School of Business; she possesses great organizational and teaching skills that can be utilized by CanGo to further develop the staff. Debbie can head a training seminar on the importance of organizing, prioritizing and scheduling impending projects using Gantt charts. These types of resources are abundant within any organization; all that is needed is to identify what kind of skill each particular staff member brings to the organization. The last major weakness is the lack of management involvement in the course of a project. This is made evident when Warren handed Nick the task of creating an implementation report for online gaming. Nick was left to figure it out on his own. Management should be involved in the planning and implementation of any project. For instance, CanGo could implement procedures like research deadlines, preliminary draft sign off requirements and senior staff team eetings to discuss the progress of the project. This will eliminate the chance for poor and costly errors. CanGo has the opportunity to take these weaknesses into consideration and make some changes that will improve the organization as a whole. This kind of improvement will prepare it to achieve external opportunities and deal with external threats as well. Opport unities CanGo not only has strengths and weaknesses but also opportunities. These potential opportunities are for company growth, increased capital, new market ventures, and expansion into other areas of e-commerce. There is a great opportunity for company growth both in regards to increase workforce and possible mergers with other startup Internet companies. As CanGo reaches higher sales volume it will be necessary to incorporate an automated storage and retrieval system. With the impending five-hundred percent increase in sales this coming holiday season; CanGo needs to make certain that their order fulfillment and processing center is equipped to handle this possible increase. Every company is looking for a way to increase its capital. CanGo has been preparing to go public which will increase its capital base. This kind of opportunity can also become a weakness due to the fickleness of the stock market. However, if CanGo can successfully handle its five-hundred percent sales increase during the holiday season, this opportunity can prove to be a very lucrative venture. CanGo’s greatest opportunity is to branch out into new markets. E-commerce is a very broad market that has plenty of opportunities for organizations such as CanGo. The CanGo team may decide to expand and include other items to their list of inventory. Elizabeth Bennet’s dream was to help consumers shop and find what they need easier and at a lower price. If she sticks to this philosophy she may take CanGo in the direction of Amazon. com or Overstock. com. The sky is the limit for these kinds of opportunities. New market ventures may be a great lucrative opportunity but it may also bring with it threats. Threats The CanGo organization faces a couple of threats like the possibility of failure, loss of capital, and takeovers. Failure is eminent for any organization but it is especially eminent for CanGo. The lack of a vision, mission statement and a strategic plan can lead to failure. Vision and mission statements are important for any organization because they not only provide a clear view of what the organization’s goals and intentions are but they also help give the staff a standard that should be met and maintained. Implementing a strategic plan is a vital part of any successful business and has been proved to help carry a business through tough economic climates. Loss of capital is also a viable threat. This may be caused by lawsuits, manufacturer or vendor bankruptcies and low sales. Keeping capital secure is sometimes a bit difficult to do. This may be accomplished by purchasing liability insurance and using a variety of manufacturers and vendors. Low sales are often directly linked to the economic forecast. This is sometimes hard to prepare for and should be observed by the accounting and finance department to ensure that the inventory purchased match the possible sales and future market forecast. Takeovers of successful companies are also threats that need to be watched for. CanGo’s success as a small Internet e-commerce company may make it a very enticing company to purchase. Competitors like Amazon. com and Overstock. com may feel that CanGo’s success is a force that needs to be control before it becomes an e-commerce giant that may affect their sales margins. The easiest way to obtain this company would be by force; which is why takeovers are a legitimate threat to CanGo. Recommendations CanGo’s greatest asset and strength is CEO, Bennet’s vision and passion for this company. Elizabeth Bennet is the only one who has a clear picture of what the company is about, what its intent in the market is and how to achieve it. There needs to be a vision statement and a mission statement prepared to let the entire company in on Elizabeth’s vision. Once these statements are in place and all of the CanGo staff has had a chance to look them over and jump on board, the executive team should convene to prepare a strategic plan based on both the vision and mission statements previously prepared. This strategic plan should include specific goals for the company to attain within the next five to ten years. This is the most important recommendation that can be offered at this particular time. There is another not so eminent recommendation that is being offered at this time. This is in regards to the utilization of staff resources. CanGo has a diverse quality of people with different academic backgrounds and skill sets. Utilizing these specific traits can enrich the company as a whole. As mentioned earlier utilizing Debbie Haynes’s teaching credentials and organizational skills to train the staff on the importance of Gantt Charts and prioritizing tasks for impending projects may help save time, otherwise spent on trying to figure out where to begin and what needs to be accomplished first. This would help the staff members reach deadlines and complete projects without the added stress of disorganization. These recommendations are meant to promote company growth and development. These two elements are necessary for a successful company to remain a success in their particular market. References Archives: Why a Strategic Plan is Important? (2006) Online Business Advisor. Retrieved September 9, 2009, form http://www. onlinebusadv. com/? PAGE=171 Business Resource Software: Mission Statement. (n. d. ) Center for Business Planning. Retrieved September 9, 2009, from http://www. businessplans. org/mission. html CanGo Intranet: Company Information. (n. d. ) Mastering Business. Retrieved September 4, 2009, from http://myphlip2. pearsoncmg. com/masteringbusiness/cango/companyinfo. html Definition: SWOT Analysis. (n. d. ) Answers. com. Retrieved September 9, 2009, from http://www. answers. com/topic/swot-analysis Definition: Vision Statement. (n. d. ) About. com. Retrieved September 9, 2009, from http://sbinfocanada. about. com/od/businessplanning/g/visionstatement. htm

Critical State Soil Mechanics

The preparation of the Cam Clay theoretical account in 1958 is possibly the most of import development in modern dirt mechanics. Mechanical belongingss of dirt have been unified elegantly and systematically into the theoretical model of the theoretical account: the critical province dirt mechanics. Since so, many theoretical accounts were developed within the theoretical model of Cam Clay theoretical account and they form theoretical accounts of the Cam Clay household. Two most distinguished characteristics of theoretical accounts of the Cam Clay household are: ( 1 ) the hardening of dirts based on plastic volumetric distortion, and ( 2 ) the being of a critical province of distortion as the concluding failure province. A brief debut of the two characteristics is given in this session, and descriptions of the strengths of dirts based on critical province dirt mechanics is given in the undermentioned subdivision.7.1.1: Hardening of dirt based on plastic volumetric distortionAs seen in the compaction theoretical account illustrated in Fig. 10, whenever the current emphasis goes beyond the historical upper limit emphasis, plastic volumetric distortion occurs and the elastic zone enlarges. The expansion of the elastic zone is seen as the hardening of dirt and is straight linked to the plastic volumetric distortion of the dirt. Consequently, the undermentioned decisions are drawn from indurating mechanism of dirt. The magnitude of plastic volumetric distortion is dependent on the alteration in size of the output surface, but independent of the stress way. All emphasis provinces which have the same accretion of plastic volumetric strain constitute a individual output surface.7.1.2: Prediction of the being of a critical province of distortionSoil is a frictional stuff. When the emphasis ratio applied on a dirt component additions, dirt will finally make a point, where it has no opposition to further shear distortion. The dirt fails. This is a critical province of distortion. A Critical State of distortion is defined as At a Critical State of distortion, a dirt has no opposition to shear distortion and the dirt can be distorted continuously with its emphasis province and nothingnesss ratio remain unchanged. A critical province of distortion is a concluding failure province. The theoretical model, uniting systematically the mechanical belongingss of dirt into one simple and elegant system under the Cam Clay theoretical account, is referred to as the Critical State Soil Mechanics ( CSSM ) .7.2: Strength of dirt described in the critical province dirt mechanicsThe behavior of Fuji sand in triaxial trials is shown in Fig. 12 ( Tatsuoka, 1972 ) . The trials are drained trials. The axial emphasis additions with the restricting emphasis kept changeless. The denseness of the dirt for the three trials varies from really loose to really dense. It is seen that Fuji sand in a really heavy Fuji province has two strengths: a peak strength and a strength as really big shear strain. For the loose sand, the dirt has merely one strength, besides at really big shear strain. It besides appears that the strength as really big shear 0 5 10 15 20 25 Distortional strain ad ( % ) Volumetric strain Cv ( % ) -12 4 0 5 10 15 20 25 Dense =0.52 Loose eaˆz =0.78 Very loose =0.85 Distortional strain ad ( % ) Fig. 12 The shearing behavior of Fuji sand under triaxial compaction trials ( Test informations after Tatsuoka, 1972 ) Shear emphasis ratio two 3.2 2.4 0.8 1.6 0 Dense =0.52 Loose eaˆz =0.78 Very loose =0.85 -4 -8 strain for the three samples are really near and appears to near a alone value as the distortional strain additions. The peak strength and the critical province strength of dirt interpreted by the critical province dirt mechanics are introduced in the followers.7.2.1 Critical province strengthUnder shearing ( increasing distortional strain ) , dirt reaches a concluding failure province, the critical province of distortion. At a critical province of distortion: Therefore, a dirt can be distorted with no alteration in its emphasis, and no volumetric plastic distortion. At critical provinces of distortion, dirt has the undermentioned characteristics ( Fig. 13 ) . The shear emphasis ratio c is changeless, denoted by I . There is a alone relationship between the average effectual emphasis paˆ? and nothingnesss ratio vitamin E, irrespective of the initial state of affairs of the dirt or the stress way of the trial. 27 This relationship is additive in the vitamin E – lnpaˆ? infinite, and its gradient is the same as that of ICL in the compaction theoretical account, being e . The features of critical provinces can be represented by the critical province line ( CSL ) in the paˆ? – q infinite and the vitamin E – lnpaˆ? infinite. They are described mathematically as. I · Q = I? ( 46 ) Paˆ?e=eCS a?’I »lnpaˆ? ( 47 ) Critical province shear emphasis ratio M Shear emphasis Q I? CSL Mean effectual emphasis P ‘ ( kPa ) ( a ) CSL in the p'-q infinite The critical province shear emphasis ratio is linked to the concluding failure clash angle ocs of dirt measured from conventional triaxial compress trial by the undermentioned equation I? = 6 wickedness I† cs ( 48 ) 3 a?’sin I† cs The critical province clash angle for most san vitamin D is 32A ° A ± 1A ° , which gives about M = 1.28. Determination of the concluding failure strength of dirts Nothingnesss ratio vitamin E vitamin E CS eIC ( 1 ) Undrained concluding strength of dirt ICL I » CSL I » p'=1 kPa Mean effectual emphasis P ‘ ( kPa ) ( B ) CSL in the e-lnp ‘ infinite Fig. 13 Characteristics of critical province of distortion P aˆ? = exp aZ? aZ? aZY Cesium I a?’ Cs aZ? I » aZ Three parametric quantities define a dirt province. They are the emphasis province on the dirt and its nothingnesss ratio, i.e. , ( paˆ? , Q, vitamin E ) . Because any dirt province at a critical province of distortion must fulfill conditions expressed by equation ( 46 ) and ( 47 ) , the concluding failure province ofa dirt, the critical province of distortion, can be determined if there is one more extra status. Some of common instances are discussed here. During an undrained trial, volumetric distortion is non allowed. Therefore, the nothingnesss ratio ofthe dirt is kept the same and is equal to its initial value, ei. Based on equations ( 46 ) and ( 47 ) , the undrained concluding shear strength qcs, the mean effectual emphasis paˆ?cs, an d the nothingnesss ratio European Union are given by ( 49 ) 28 aZ § aZ†ºe vitamin E aZz Cesium I aZ†º a?’ aZz aZ? aZY aZ? I » aZ aZ?aZ? vitamin E vitamin E Cs aZ? Q = I? exp vitamin E vitamin E Cs I=aZ © aZ? aZ? aZ? ( 2 ) Drained concluding strength for changeless paˆ? trials The average effectual emphasis at the concluding critical failure province is known, paˆ?i, so aZ § aZ?aZ? aZ?aZ © personal computers = pi qcs Ipaˆ?i ( 50 ) ei = eCS a?’ I » ln pi The stress way for this type of trials is a perpendicular line in the paˆ? – Q infinite, as shown in Fig. 4. ( 3 ) Drained concluding strength for changeless Q trials The shear strength at the concluding failure province is known, chi, soI » ln chi aˆ? = Cs P I? qcs = chi=ei European Union a?’ aZ†º Q aZz ( 51 ) I aZ?aZ? I? aZ aZY The stress way for this type of trials is a horizontal line in the paˆ? – Q infinite, as shown in Fig. 4. ( 4 ) Drained concluding strength for trials with additive emphasis waies Suppose the gradient for the additive emphasis way is k, and the initial emphasis province of the dirt is ( paˆ?i, chi ) . Then the dirt province at the concluding failure province can be obtained from work outing the undermentioned equations qcs a?’ chi = k personal computers a?’ pi I?aˆ? P Cs =eCSa?’I »lnp qcs European Union ( 52 ) aZ § aZ? aZ? aZ © aˆ? Cs 29 Two common additive emphasis waies, discussed in subdivision 3.3, are ( 1 ) conventional triaxial compaction trials with the restricting emphasis kept changeless and in this instance k = 3, and ( 2 ) conventional triaxial extension trials with the axial emphasis kept changeless and in this instance k = – 1.5.Example 5The critical province clash angle for a sand is 32A ° . For its CSL in the vitamin E – lnpaˆ? infinite, the gradient is 0.12 and European Union is 1.42. ( 1 ) Determine the values of M ; ( 2 ) Pull a study of the CSL in the paˆ? – q infinite and the vitamin E – lnpaˆ? infinite ; ( 3 ) Determine the concluding failure strength of a specimen of the sand with initial province as ( paˆ? = 75 kPa, q = 0, vitamin E = 0.85 ) . ( a ) under undrained state of affairs ; ( B ) under a changeless mean effectual emphasis trial ; and ( degree Celsius ) following a stress way with = 2.dq dpaˆ? A: Determine the values of M 400 800 600 200 0 CSL q=1.29p ‘ Shear emphasis Q kPa 30 100 200 300 400 500 600 Mean effectual emphasis P ‘ kPa Nothingnesss ratioe 0.9 0.7 0.5 1.5 1.3 1.1 CSL e=1.42-0.12lnp ‘ 1 10 100 1000 Mean effectual emphasis P ‘ kPa Oxygen Nothingnesss ratio e n Shear emphasis Q CSL C I? Bacillus A P ‘ ( kPa ) CSL e=eCS -elnpaˆ? Bacillus C Mean effectual emphasis P ‘ ( kPa ) Fig. 14 Variation of dirt strength ( 53 ) 7.2.2 Peak strength As seen in Fig. 12, under shearing dirt at heavy province may make a peak strength ( higher than the critical province strength ) . However, this strength of dirt lessenings with the addition of distortional strain, and becomes indistinguishable to the critical province strength finally. Two characteristics of the peak strength should be noticed. The happening of a strength for dirt greater than the concluding critical province strength ( the extremum strength ) is possible merely if the dirt is under the CSL in the vitamin E – lnpaˆ? infinite ( Fig 14 ) . This is in the â€Å" Dry † side. As named by Schofield and Wroth ( 1968 ) , soil behavior with both peak and critical province strength is â€Å" Dry † behavior. The peak strength is non stable. The minute a peak strength is reached, the strength of dirt will diminish with the farther distortional distortion. An empirical equation proposed by Liu and Carter ( 2002 ) may be used to gauge the peak strength ratio cp of dirt based on its place in the vitamin E – lnpaˆ? infinite=Q P = aˆ? I · P P P 31 ( 1 a?’ I ¦ ) I? for A- & lt ; 0 I ¦ , the province parametric quantity, defined by Been and Jefferies ( 1985 ) as I ¦ = vitamin E a?’ vitamin E CS + I » ln p aˆ? ( 54 ) Uniting the above two equations, we obtain q P I · = = + a?’ a?’ aˆ? I? & lt ; a?’ I » aˆ? ( vitamin E e P ) vitamin E vitamin E P 1 ln for ln P CS CS ( 55 ) P P aˆ? For A- & gt ; 0, there is merely one strength. The peak strength and the critical province strength may be considered as coincident.7.2.3 Variation of dirt strength in the paˆ? – Q infiniteMohr-Coulomb ‘s strength standard, written in the paˆ? – Q infinite, is given as 32 Q degree Fahrenheit = c + I? MC P aˆ? degree Fahrenheit ( 56 ) This standard is possibly the widely used standard to find the strength of dirts in geotechnical technology pattern. However, it is applicable for dirt conditionally. As shown in Fig. 14, Mohr-Coulomb ‘s strength standard is applicable to dirty in the scope of AB, where the dirt in the â€Å" Dry † side, i.e. , below the CSL. The general strength standard for dirt may be divided into three scopes to analyze. Strength of dirts on the â€Å" Wet † side If a dirt province in the vitamin E – lnpaˆ? infinite is above the CSL, i.e. , A- & gt ; 0, the dirt is on the â€Å" Wet † side. Dirts on the â€Å" Wet † side have merely one strength, the concluding critical province strength. The critical province strength of dirts is represented by line BC, and their belongingss are introduced in subdivision 7.2.1. No tensile emphasis line Farinaceous stuffs such as littorals or clays in reconstituted provinces have no echt coherence, and can non prolong a tensile emphasis. The boundary oaˆ?min & gt ; 0 in the paˆ? – q infinite is = 3 Q,paˆ? represented by line OA. On the left side of line OA, tensile emphasis occurs. Strength of dirts on the â€Å" Dry † side Merely when dirt on the â€Å" Dry † side, the dirt has a coherence c. The strength of the dirt can depict by equation ( 56 ) , the Mohr-Coulomb ‘s strength standard. Cohesion degree Celsius may be treated as changeless. Clash angle oMC and parametric quantity MMC is related by the undermentioned equation = 6sinoMC ( 57 ) Megahertz I?MC 3 a?’ sino The whole strength envelope OABC is shown in Fig. 14. Two errors are normally made in using the Mohr-Coulomb ‘s strength standard for finding the strength of dirts. The extension of the Mohr-Coulomb ‘s strength standard to the left side of AB and therefore implies dirt has a tensile strength. The extension of the Mohr-Coulomb ‘s strength standard to the right side of AB ( beyond the critical province strength ) . This implies the ultimate clash angle of dirt will go on lessening after the critical province clash angle unlimited with the average effectual emphasis. Terzaghi, the laminitis of modern dirt mechanics, made both errors in widening the pertinence of Don Taylor ‘s experimental information. And I hope you will non do the same error in your technology designs or safety cheque. 33Example 6The critical province clash angle for a Leighton Buzzard sand in situ is 31A ° measured from conventional triaxial compaction trials. The strength envelope detected for the sand can be described by Mohr-Coulomb ‘s strength standard with c= 40 kPa and oMC = 23A ° . ( 1 ) Determine the values of dirt parametric quantities M for critical province stength and MMC for Mohr-Coulomb ‘s strength ; ( 2 ) Pull the strength envelope of this Leighton Buzzard sand and depict the features of the strength of the sand ; ( 3 ) Discourse the strength of the sand under a drained conventional triaxial compaction trial with the initial emphasis province of the dirt being ( paˆ? = 30 kPa, q = 0, ) . A: Determine dirt parametric quantities M and MMC ; Shear emphasis Q kPa 250 200 150 100 50 0 A 3 ( 30, 0 ) vitamin D 3 0.9 Bacillus 1.24 C 0 50 100 150 200 Mean effectual emphasis P ‘ kPa 347.2.4 Residual province strength of clayey dirtsAfter probes on landslides in the late fiftiess, it was found that the shearing opposition of dirt in a figure of instances was much smaller than the â€Å" concluding † critical province strength measured in the research lab. The construct of residuary strength is formed ( Skempton, 1964 ) Residual strength is defined as the shear strength of a dirt that can be mobilised on a polished sliding surface, after it has been formed through the dirt due to the alliance of its Platypoecilus maculatus atoms. For any given dirt it is the minimal strength come-at-able. There are four major facets of the residuary strength, viz. Dirt must hold adequate plate-like atoms so that a smooth slickensided surface can be formed. The skiding surface of well-aligned dirt atoms must be for the residuary strength to be mobilised. The skiding surface of well-aligned Platypoecilus maculatus atoms can ease residuary failure merely along that surface. 4. The residuary sliding surface one time formed is normally non modified by subsequent distortions of comparatively little magnitude. The residuary strength of a dirt is chiefly dependent on the mineralogy of the dirt: the clay fraction. Clay fraction uc defined as the weight of the clay particles less than 0.002 millimeter in size over the entire weight of the dirt sample. uc is defined as I†° = G0.002 ( 58 ) cG Some experimental informations on the fluctuation of the critical province strength and residuary strength with clay fraction is shown In Fig. 15 ( From Skempton, 1984 ) . The undermentioned information can be obtained this information. ( 1 ) For a dirt with a clay fraction less than 25 % the concluding strength is the critical province strength. The strength is independent on clay fraction. Otherwise, the concluding strength of the dirt is its residuary strength. 0 20 40 60 80 10 0 Clash angle ( A ° ) 34 28 22 16 10 4 residuary province critical province Clay fraction ( % ) Fig. 15 Variation of the critical province and residuary province strengths with clay fraction 35 With 50 % & gt ; uc & gt ; 25 % , both critical province and residuary province strengths vary with clay fraction. With uc & gt ; 50 % , critical province and residuary province strengths are different, but remains with any alteration of clay fraction in the scope. The concluding strength of a dirt, expressed as a clash angle, may change from 32A ° to every bit low as 6A ° with the fluctuation of the clay fraction.

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